Retrospective survey on drugs seized in Niger from 2013 to 2016 and state of the art on drug analysis and detection techniques

Drug is a substance, which trouble brain. One of the reasons for juvenile delinquency is drug use. The present work is a retrospective study based on seizures of drugs made by the Niger courts and. Evaluation of the drug utilization by people according to the statistics of drug seizures from 2013 to 2016 of the Central Office for the Suppression of Illegal Traffic in Narcotics (OCRTIS). According to the statistics of drug seizures from 2013 to 2016 of the Central Office for the Suppression of Illegal Traffic in Narcotics (OCRTIS). Nine (9) types of drugs belonging to six (6) families were seized in Niger including: Amphetamines, Cannabis, Crack, Cocaine, Diazepam, Ephedrine, Heroin, Methamphetamines and Tramadol. These come from all countries bordering Niger but also from East Africa and Central Africa and the data gathered was analyzed using MS Excel. It should be noted that the percentage of those charged varies according to age group whose: the under 18’s are 6%, 59% are between 18 and 29 years, 25% are between 30 and 39 years, the 40 years and over are 10%. So most of the people which have been arrested are minors between 18 and 39 years old. In addition, it is necessary to mention 2% of women against 98 % of men in the said sale and consumption. If the number of seizures increases each year, the possibility of drug consumption by its users would also grow and highlights important diseases related to their consumption. Thus, the more appropriate implication of the blood and urine tests of these drug users.


The production and /or consumption of drugs is region-specific. 1. The producing countries are:
America produces 80% of cocaine (COC) in Mexico, Peru, Bolivia and Colombia. In the latter country, drug production is the informal "New economy", illegal but tolerated. South-West Asia more specifically in Afghanistan and South-East Asia in the LPDR (Lao People's Democratic Republic) region and Myanmar with 67% of opiates (MTD) production. Oceania, particularly in Australia with 47% of opiates (MTD) (

Technical extraction
are less expensive with ease of operation, low detection limit with dynamic range and ordinate. These techniques are fast, efficient, accurate, linear and simple with good reproducibility, sensitivity, and ease of operation. These are Solid Phase Extraction; the Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction/Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (DLLME/CG/MS), the Supercritical Fluid Extraction / Gas Chromatography / Mass Spectrometry (SFE/GC/MS) which give good yields. The advantage is that there is no contamination and deproteinization phase but mostly uses very little water. For Liquid Phase Extraction, it is necessary to make several purifications, thus a decrease of the phase to be reprocessed. (Gaillard, 1996)

III.
Results and discussion 3.1. Survey Review of Drugs in the world A total of 72 drugs belonging to 11 families as well as their half-lives and abbreviations are listed in Table 1.were reported in the literature as being used all over the world but 9 drugs belonging to 6 families by the Nigerien population to cause many unusual behavior. Most of them cause foolish to drugs users. So these families and different kind of drugs are summarized in Table 2 included their names in national languages. Two (2) species of Opiates MTD or MTP; followed by 3 species of Methamphetamine MOP, MOR or OPI; one specie of Cannabis (THC); 1 specie of cocaine (COC); one specie of Benzodiazepines (BZE or BZO); and one specie of Amphetamine (AMP).  Nine (9) drugs belonging to six (6) families were reported in the literature as being used by the Nigerien population for many different reasons. The most commonly used drugs are four (4) of them (four species) in order belong to the family of Opiates, Benzodiazepines which represent 50 % for semi-legal drugs, Cannabis and Cocaïne (Table 2).which are distributed the other 50% for unlawful drugs.

Seizures and drug use by age group and gender
In Niger according to figure 4 many of drugs users are young with 59 percentage and the age bracket between 18 and 29; after this the following is the age bracket between 30 and 39. The old (more than 40 include) and the Youngers (less than 18) are the least affected. This shows that there are more young people who are involved in the consumption and sale of drugs in Niger. One of the reason of consuming drugs is the crisis of juvenile originality. The percentage of drugs used by gender is 98 % for men against 2% for women is represented in figure 7

IV.
Conclusions In this survey, four (4) drugs out of nine (9) drug are the most used in Niger. 98 % of these users drugs are men and they are in the age bracket from 18 to 39 in Niger. The most affected neighborhoods in Niamey is the commune V with provenances of limited country (Benin, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Mali and Togo). V.