Technium Social Sciences Journal (ISSN: 2668-7798) is an international, open-access academic journal dedicated to the publication of scholarly research across a wide spectrum of social sciences and humanities. The journal provides a unified publication space for research in fields such as administrative sciences, education, law, economics, psychology, management, political science, sociology, social work, history, linguistics, literature, philosophy, anthropology, geography, theology, sustainability, business administration, organizational studies, human resources management, statistics, and strategic management. Published exclusively online, the journal encourages interdisciplinary and cross-disciplinary contributions that address contemporary societal, institutional, economic, cultural, and organizational phenomena. Rather than privileging a single disciplinary perspective, Technium Social Sciences Journal promotes analytical plurality, theoretical diversity, and methodological openness, reflecting the complexity of current social realities. The journal is supported through the institutional involvement of Technium Science, with additional organizational support from Plus Communication and International Communication & PR, ensuring continuity and accessibility of publication. All published articles are freely available to a global readership and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommercial–NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), enabling non-commercial dissemination while preserving the integrity of the original work.
Investigation of Instructional and Distributed Leadership Behaviors of School Administrators
The purpose of this study is to examine the instructional and distributed leadership behaviors of school administrators based on teacher perceptions and to determine whether these behaviors differ according to selected variables. The study population consists of teachers working in public primary schools in Ankara during the 2024-2025 academic year, with a sample of 375 teachers selected via random sampling. Data were collected using the Personal Information Form, the Instructional Leadership Scale, and the Distributed Leadership Inventory. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, and ANOVA were employed for data analysis. The findings indicate that school administrators exhibit distributed leadership behaviors at a "very high" level and instructional leadership behaviors at a "high" level. While female teachers rated distributed leadership functions significantly higher than male teachers, no significant difference was found based on gender regarding instructional leadership behaviors. Furthermore, no statistically significant differences were observed in either leadership style regarding teachers' length of service or marital status. Consequently, it is concluded that while administrators are effective in executing leadership functions, "leadership team cohesion" scores were relatively lower, suggesting a need for improvement in collaborative dynamics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Şemsi Kardelen Özat, Prof. Dr. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigating the Connection between Intercultural Communication Competence and Willingness to Communicate: A Case of Vietnamese EFL English Majors
The global working environment demands understanding international affairs and the potential labour force; therefore, it necessitates possessing intercultural communication competencies. Built on the existing findings on this aspect worldwide, this study investigates whether EFL learners’ experiences in communicating with foreigners impact their intercultural communication competence (ICC) and willingness to communicate (WTC) among Vietnamese English students. The study was based on a survey of 109 participants at a university in HCM, Vietnam; the collected data were then analysed and interpreted. It has been found that there is an impact on students’ ICC experiences and their knowledge of WTC. These findings, to some extent, consolidate other research and clarify the need to facilitate EFL learners with expertise in intercultural communication.
Copyright (c) 2026 Xuan Hong Nguyen Thi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Construction of AI Learning Support Model in Response to Conversation Content and Emotional Changes by EQ
Instructors generally find it difficult to intuitively grasp learners' emotions and level of understanding. Therefore, there is an increasing need for individualized instruction that provides support tailored to the student's emotional state and level of understanding. To objectively assess learner states, AI-based learning support grounded in physiological indicators that interpret emotional changes is indispensable. This study estimates learner states in data science education based on emotional changes detected through conversation content and EQ. After state estimation, the study proposes a method that constructs an AI-based learning support model according to learner states. It identifies appropriate instructional strategies for instructors. Instructor shortages and the difficulty of providing individually optimized support have become apparent. This study collects conversational data and electrodermal activity to estimate learner states. A hidden Markov model (HMM) estimates learners’ internal states from the conversational behaviors of instructors and learners. This study conducts one-on-one tutoring sessions between an instructor and a learner to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The experimental results reveal three states: a trial and error state, a state of searching for understanding, and an initial state of reaching understanding. The above results indicate that learner states can generally be estimated from conversation content. The study also constructs a Random Forest model based on the estimated learner state and conversation content. The F1 score is 0.824, enabling the identification of key features strongly associated with each learning state. Furthermore, the study fine-tunes a BERT model using utterance-level dialogue data annotated with state labels to classify learner states. The F1 score of 0.9015 indicates high accuracy, demonstrating the model's ability to accurately estimate the learner's state based on conversation content. Analyzing the state transitions, the study can help instructors decide on effective teaching methods. The findings obtained in the study hold promise for enhancing the quality of individualized instruction and as a model for autonomous learning support through AI agents.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kento Yasuda, Hiromitsu Shimakawa, Fumiko Harada https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Quadruplet Alignment Loss Function for Representing the Stages of Behavior Change
This study proposes a method to estimate the stages of behavior change in research activities using text data from progress reports submitted by students periodically. Motivation is crucial in student research activities. It is essential for the supervisor to provide students with guidance tailored to their motivational states. However, since motivation levels vary with students, uniform instruction fails to yield sufficient results. To provide appropriate support, it is necessary to understand the motivation level of each student. Existing methods for measuring motivation tend to rely on subjective evaluations, placing a significant burden on respondents. The method focuses on behavioral changes reflected in progress reports periodically presented. The text data from progress reports is converted into vectors indicating the stage of behavior change through the Quadruplet Alignment Loss proposed in this study. The loss function models the sequential relationship among the contemplation stage, the preparation stage, and the action stage. The results of the experiment have confirmed that the proposed method improves the estimation accuracy of the stage of behavior change. In particular, the estimation accuracy during the preparation stage has significantly improved, which demonstrates successful estimation of the critical transitional stage leading to action. It suggests the potential to support supervisors in providing research guidance tailored to students’ individual motivation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ryo Kuramoto, Hiromitsu Shimakawa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Dynamics of intercultural Conflict in Lecturer Performance Evaluation: The Perspective of Digital Immigrant Lecturers and Assessors (Study at Faculty of Social and Political Sciences of Universitas Tanjungpura Pontianak)
This study examines the dynamics of intercultural conflict in communication during the lecturer workload performance evaluation (BKD) at the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences (FISIP), Tanjungpura University (UNTAN), Pontianak. It focuses on the differing perspectives between digital immigrant lecturers and assessors. The conflict arises from variations in technology usage, communication styles, and cultural norms between the two groups. The research addresses how cross-cultural communication conflicts impact the effectiveness of the performance evaluation process and how generational differences and technological experience shape perceptions and practices in evaluation. A qualitative research method was employed, involving in-depth interviews, thematic analysis, and theoretical analysis based on the Digital Natives vs. Digital Immigrants Theory (Prensky, 2001), Face Negotiation Theory (Ting-Toomey, 1985), Anxiety/Uncertainty Management Theory (Gudykunst, 2004), and Diffusion of Innovations Theory. The findings show that: 1) the mismatch in technological proficiency between assessors and lecturers is the primary cause of communication conflict; 2) tensions arising from face negotiation are heavily influenced by differences in communication styles and technology usage between assessors and digital immigrant lecturers, with the latter perceiving technology as a threat to their professional face; 3) the diffusion of innovation and differing perceptions of technology become the main sources of tension in the performance evaluation process; and 4) limited intercultural understanding is a key factor exacerbating conflicts in the evaluation process.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Autonomy of Toddler-Age Children in the Nursery and the Family
Autonomy in early childhood is frequently addressed in the scholarly literature in a reductive manner, being predominantly associated with functional independence or early behavioral acquisitions. The present article proposes a conceptual and theoretical clarification of autonomy in the 0–3 age range, arguing that it represents an emergent, relational, and deeply contextual process. The analysis integrates contributions from developmental psychology, the sociology of childhood, and motivational theories, with a particular focus on Self-Determination Theory, in order to highlight the multidimensional nature of autonomy (functional, socio-emotional, relational, and motivational). The article examines autonomy as the outcome of children’s everyday interactions with their primary developmental contexts—the family and the nursery—emphasizing the role of attachment relationships, self-regulatory processes, social participation, and the educational climate in shaping autonomous behaviors. Within this framework, autonomy is conceptualized not as the opposite of dependence, but as the product of sensitive relationships, predictable routines, and contexts that recognize and support children’s initiative. Through this integrated approach, the article provides a coherent theoretical framework for interpreting young children’s autonomy and argues for moving beyond an instrumental–functional perspective in the analysis of early childhood education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Maria-Madalina Coza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effectiveness of the TMDA Community Health Education Programme in Enhancing Awareness and Safe Use of Erectile Dysfunction Medicines
This study evaluated the effectiveness of the TMDA na Jamii Health Education Program in increasing awareness and promoting the rational use of erectile dysfunction (ED) medicines. Adopting a mixed-methods approach, the research pursued three objectives: (1) to assess the level of engagement with the program among ED medicine users, (2) to measure changes in users’ awareness regarding ED medicines attributable to the program, and (3) to determine the extent to which individuals apply program information in the rational use of ED medicines. Results indicated that all respondents accessed the program through various media, including ITV, Azam, TBC One, and YouTube. Higher educational attainment was associated with seeking more detailed information. Although participants generally demonstrated strong knowledge of ED causes, treatments, side effects, and misuse risks, only 23% consistently adhered to medical instructions, primarily due to a lack of steady sexual partners. Of the 120 respondents, 23% reported one year of experience using ED medicines, 19% two years, 29% three years, and 28% over three years. Regarding specific medicines, 74% reported using Sildenafil, 58% Tadalafil, 49% Vardenafil, 86% Maasai herbs, and 98% Congo dust, with many combining pharmaceutical and traditional remedies. Notably, most users were unaware of the risks associated with such combinations, reflecting a gap in the program’s content. To enhance impact, the program should expand to address traditional remedies, offer partner counseling, and specifically educate women to support ED patients. Broader educational efforts to reduce stigma and misconceptions will further empower open dialogue on men’s health and improve overall health outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Adaptive yet Vulnerable: Supply Chain Models of Ready-to-Wear Clothing Traders in Bandung's Traditional Markets
Traditional markets remain a vital component of Indonesia’s local economy, particularly in the distribution of ready-to-wear clothing products. However, empirical studies examining supply chain models within traditional market contexts remain limited. This study aims to analyze and model the supply chain structure of ready-to-wear clothing traders in traditional markets in Bandung City. A qualitative descriptive research design was employed, with primary data collected through in-depth interviews, field observations, and supporting literature review. Data were analyzed using descriptive-interpretative techniques, including data reduction, coding, categorization, and triangulation. The findings reveal that the supply chain structure is relatively short and simple, involving producers (garment and small-scale sewing workshops), retailers (kiosk and street vendors), and end consumers. Despite its flexibility, the supply chain relies heavily on informal coordination, social networks, and adaptive procurement strategies, which increases vulnerability to supply fluctuations and price instability. Differences in access to suppliers and inventory strategies between kiosk traders and street vendors further shape supply chain performance. This study concludes that the effectiveness of supply chain management in traditional markets cannot be assessed using modern retail standards alone. Instead, a contextual and adaptive supply chain model is required to strengthen efficiency and sustainability while preserving the inherent flexibility of traditional market systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ria Arifianti, Dian Fordian, Mochammad Rifky Pamungkas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Adaptations of Migratory Birds Wintering in the East Asian–Australasian Flyway to Climate Change
The East Asian-Australasinan Flyway (EAAF) is home to over 50 million migratory waterbirds annually, many of which rely on stopover habitats like the tidal flats in Songdo, South Korea. The rapid loss of tidal flats in the Yellow Sea region that affects carbon dioxide sinks, paired with rising global temperatures and shifting seasonal patterns, threatens these migratory birds. According to the study by Murray et al. (2018), 16 percent of the world’s tidal flats have disappeared and two-thirds of South Korea’s tidal flats have been used to expand the city. In some cases, the loss of tidal flats has created significant population declines. For example, the Great Knot’s population has suffered a 24% decline with estimates of the death of 90,000 birds, according to National Geographic (2023). Others have shown resilience to the changing climate, especially larger birds that show more resiliency by shifting migratory pathways to include fewer stopovers or relocating stopovers to less disrupted areas (Lisovski et al. 2024). Differences in migration timing have also been recorded (Damba et al. 2021). In order to protect migratory bird populations, protection and conservation efforts should be aimed at preserving a network of stopovers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Joy Min https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Standardized Construction of Judicial Determination Rules for Trademark Rights Abuse
In the judicial practice of China, determining whether an act constitutes an abuse of trademark rights typically hinges on assessing whether the acquisition and exercise of such rights violate the principle of good faith or exceed legitimate limits as the fundamental criteria. However, this standard is highly abstract, making it susceptible to misuse during application, which in turn can lead to significant uncertainty in judicial outcomes. Moreover,In judicial rulings, it is typically impossible to directly apply the principle of prohibiting trademark rights abuse to determine specific legal consequences based on the facts of a case. Based on this, this paper aims to begin with the fundamental definition of abuse of rights, examine the manifestations of abuse of rights in the field of trademark law and the application of the principle of prohibiting abuse of rights in trademark law, introduce the method of dynamic system theory , identify the factors and weights that need to be considered in determining whether an exercise of rights constitutes abuse of rights, and draw on the Alexy principle theory to attempt to standardize the judicial determination rules of trademark rights abuse. It outlines and demonstrates a specific analysis framework and examination path that can be applied to individual cases, with the aim of providing useful reference for applying the principle of prohibiting abuse of rights to effectively regulate improper exercise of trademark rights.
Copyright (c) 2026 fei gao https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Legal Protection against Personal Data Breaches in Electronic Media: A Rule of Law Perspective and Global Challenges
Personal data breaches through electronic media are increasingly frequent, impacting not only national legal systems but also raising international concerns regarding cross-border data security. This article examines the legal protection against electronic data breaches in Indonesia within the framework of the rule of law and democratic principles. Using a normative approach and grounded in the theory of the rule of law and democracy, the study finds that despite the enactment of the Personal Data Protection Law (PDP Law), challenges remain in its implementation and oversight. These challenges demand stronger international cooperation, transnational policy harmonization, and cross-sectoral approaches.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Iqbal Saputera, Laila Fitria https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Influence of Price Perception and Service Quality on Guest Loyalty with Satisfaction as an Intervening Variable on Sunday Bali Hotels & Resorts
This study aims to analyze the influence of price perception and service quality on guest loyalty with satisfaction as an intervening variable at Sunday Hotel & Resort Bali. This study uses a quantitative, survey-based approach. The study population comprised Sunday Hotel & Resort Bali guests who stayed during the study period, namely November - December 2025, with a sample of 200 respondents selected using purposive sampling, namely guests who had stayed more than twice. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using the Partial Least Squares (PLS) method through SmartPLS 3 software. The results showed that price perception and service quality had a positive and significant effect on guest satisfaction. Furthermore, satisfaction also had a positive and significant effect on guest loyalty. This finding confirms that satisfaction plays a role as an intervening variable that strengthens the influence of price perception and service quality on guest loyalty.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dede Andri Supandi, Etty Nurwati, Pamuji Gesang Raharjo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of Leveraging Natural Language Insight for Customer Sentiment Analysis at JOBJACK SME
As digital platforms increasingly serve as vital intermediaries in the South African labor market, they offer a promising avenue for addressing the systemic challenge of high youth unemployment. Platforms like JOBJACK facilitate connections between entry-level seekers and employers; however, the rapid scaling of these services has generated an overwhelming volume of unstructured data. Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in this sector often find themselves data-rich but insight-poor, struggling to systematically process diverse feedback streams—including application comments, helpdesk queries, and social media interactions—into actionable business intelligence. While traditional quantitative metrics provide high-level snapshots of platform activity, they consistently fail to capture the nuanced underlying user sentiments, such as frustration with technical barriers or developing trust in the digital ecosystem. This study explores the critical gap between raw data collection and strategic service improvement. By examining the limitations of current analytical frameworks used by South African SMEs, the research underscores the necessity of integrating advanced qualitative sentiment analysis into operational workflows. Ultimately, the paper argues that for digital labour platforms to maintain user retention and drive socio-economic impact, they must transition toward sophisticated data processing models that prioritize the human experience embedded within unstructured user feedback.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sam Lubbe, Mr https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring Working Capital Management Strategies and Challenges in Small and Medium Construction Enterprises in Douala, Cameroon
The working capital management (WCM) strategies often transform according to changing preferences in terms of cash flow management, cost mitigation, and other strategies to stabilize their financial performance. Construction companies need efficient WCM strategies to achieve their financial goals by managing their current assets and liabilities. Very few studies have investigated the WCM strategies used by the construction companies in Cameroon. Therefore, this study focuses on construction companies from Cameroon, which are categorized as SMEs. Study has employed a qualitative approach to fulfil objectives. Data collected by conducting semi-structured interviews with 22 employees from two construction companies in Cameroon. NVivo has been used to conduct the analysis. Findings highlighted various WCM strategies, including effective management of inventory, cash, disputes, accounts payable, accounts receivable, and project costing. Identified challenges include political, economic, legal, environmental, social, and legal factors, which may influence the implementation of WCM strategies in construction firms in Cameroon.
Copyright (c) 2026 BLAISE Nyume Nyingmeh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Influence of Taste, Amenities and Price Perception to Increase Repeat Purchases at Mie Gacoan
This study examines how taste, amenities, and price perception influence repeat purchase motivation among customers at Mie Gacoan, Condet Branch. Increasingly fierce competition in the culinary industry requires restaurants to understand what truly drives customers to return. This study employed a quantitative approach, involving 200 respondents who had purchased more than twice. Data were obtained through questionnaires and analyzed using SmartPLS 3. The results showed that price perception was the strongest factor influencing repeat purchase intention. Customers felt that the price offered was in line with the value they received, thus making them more likely to return. Taste also proved to have a positive effect, although its strength was not as strong as price perception. Meanwhile, restaurant amenities did not have a significant effect, indicating that the comfort of the place was not the main reason customers returned to Mie Gacoan Condet. Overall, these three variables were able to explain more than half of the variation in repeat purchase intention. These findings emphasize the importance of maintaining consistent taste and ensuring competitive prices to maintain customer loyalty.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fitri Permata Sari, Efendi, Prof. Dr. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of TMT Advice Seeking Behaviour on Dynamic Service Innovation Capabilities: Evidence from the Service Sector in Sri Lanka
This study investigates how Top Management Team (TMT) advice-seeking behaviors—both external and internal—shape the development of Dynamic Service Innovation Capabilities (DSIC). Although the literature has long emphasized executive decision-making, the specific consultative mechanisms that trigger DSIC remain underexplored. Using a quantitative methodology, data were collected via a standardized questionnaire from a sample of 260 TMT members across six diverse service sectors. The conceptual model was tested using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) in AMOS. The results confirm that both TMT external and internal advice-seeking behaviors significantly and positively affect DSIC, supporting both research hypotheses. Specifically, external advice-seeking behaviour serves as a critical debiasing mechanism that enables TMTs to overcome path dependence and anticipate emerging market shifts. Simultaneously, internal advice-seeking fosters a climate of psychological safety and trust, catalyzing the conceptualization of new services and bridging the implementation gap through functional expertise. These findings contribute to the dynamic capabilities perspective by highlighting advice-seeking as a dual engine for organizational agility. In practice, the study suggests that service-sector leaders should adopt a “consultative-orchestration” model, formalizing external knowledge loops and internal feedback systems to develop dynamic service innovation capabilities that continuously bring innovations. Keywords. TMT Advice Seeking Behaviour, Dynamic Service Innovation Capabilities, Service Innovation
Copyright (c) 2026 Seshika Kithmini Kariyapperuma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Implications of Media Capture on Editorial Freedom Tanzania: A Comparative Study of Mwananchi And Habari Leo
This study examined the implications of media capture on editorial freedom in Tanzania: a comparative study of Mwananchi and Habari Leo newspapers. The study examined how media ownership affects journalistic independence in Mwananchi and Habari Leo newspapers, assessed the regulatory implications on editorial freedom in Mwananchi and Habari Leo newspapers, assessed the political influence on editorial decision making Mwananchi and Habari Leo newspapers and analyzed framing of news by these two newspapers. A qualitative research approach with descriptive design were applied, integrating semi-structured interviews and content analysis to compare for sematic analysis of media capture between private owned (Mwananchi) and state-owned (Habari Leo) newspapers. Using purposive sampling technique this study interviewed 10 participants and analysed a total of 154 newspaper issues published from 1st June to November 30, 2024. The findings revealed that study found that ownership structure affects journalistic independence. However, Mwananchi was free from owners influence in decision-making comparing to Habari Leo which faced direct and indirect influence due to its nature of ownership. The findings discovered that laws and regulation had both positive and negative impacts to the media by ensuring adherence to media ethics, protecting individuals from harm and prohibiting non-journalists from working in media, while other laws were seen as they undermined editorial freedom. It was also indicated that political influence affected editorial freedom and independence in decision making. Lastly, the findings revealed that Habari Leo, that ownership structures shaped how the selected media outlets framed news. The findings are of great importance for media industry in Tanzania, policy and scholars as they portray the current state of media capture and its implications to editorial freedom in Tanzania. This study is valuable for media houses seeking to improve their editorial freedom and independence.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lucas Nyakibai, Dotto Bulendu, Peter C. Mataba, Dietrick Kaijanangoma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LLM Technologies Complex to Reduce Turnover through Improving Workplace Communication
Many companies have suffered from turnover of key workers due to concerns about human relationships in their workplaces. They should enhance relationships that promote all workers to engage in their work pleasantly. The issue can be solved with active listening, where a manager tries to get what a worker feels in the workspace as a listener. However, workers seldom talk frankly. The listener needs to attain listening skills through many experiences. It costs a lot. The study proposes a training method to build LLMs that work as training partners for human listeners to enhance active listening skills. Data for the fine-tuning of the LLMs contains various privacy matters. The method introduces QLoRA to enable LLMs to be trained on-premises, avoiding privacy leaks. The paper discusses the characteristics of the LLMs to improve skills. It compares the emotion recognition performance of the LLMs before and after the fine-tuning to clarify the characteristics. Experimental results reveal that LLMs demonstrate improvement in emotion. It turns out the tuned LLMs have been equipped with higher emotion recognition capability for negative emotions than for positive ones. Through practices using the LLMs, inexperienced listeners acquire skills to extract what workers keep in their minds about issues they face in the workplace.
Copyright (c) 2026 Koyo Ueno, Shimakawa Hiromitsu, Fumiko Harada https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ethiopia–Somaliland Diplomatic Relations Since 1994: Status, Opportunities, and Challenges
This paper is intended to observe the diplomatic relationship between Ethiopia and Somaliland since 1994: status, opportunities, and challenges. The study found that the relationship between Ethiopia and Somaliland exists within a political context expounded by Ethiopia's de jure statehood and Somaliland's de facto status. Additionally, Ethiopia was the first country to allow Somaliland to open a mission office in Addis Ababa in 1994, and it also established the General Consulate in Hargeisa in 2002. Currently, Hargeisa is home to several mission offices, including those from Turkey, the UAE, Britain, and other countries. The study identified Ethio-Somaliland opportunities to increase trade between the two sides and to create an investment exchange. For instance, this presents a significant opportunity for both sides because Somaliland has an 856 km coastline, while Ethiopia is a large and densely populated landlocked country. This situation allows Ethiopia to diversify its port options in neighboring countries to meet its demand, and it also represents a major economic opportunity for the expansion of Berbera port, which has received $442 million in foreign direct investment (FDI) from Emirates Dubai Port World (DP World). The study also highlights that there is future opportunity and hope related to the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) because Somaliland is hopeful that as soon as this dam becomes finished, it will acquire cheap and non-environmental-hazard electricity utilities. Ethiopia’s vision also includes selling electricity to Somaliland when the dam is completed so as to earn foreign currency. The study also touches on the fact that since the Horn of Africa region is unstable, the challenges surrounding Ethiopia and Somaliland include terrorism, extremism, human trafficking, informal trade, and illegal immigrants. Similar to other parts of the world, both sides are always alert to the risks their countries face, as is the region's relationship with hardliner terrorist groups. Additionally, although there is a trade imbalance and a deficit on the Somaliland side, both sides indicated that the expansion of Berbera port is complete; Ethiopia will use it more for its export and import goods than it currently does, which will help to balance the trade between the two countries.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdillahi Elmi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Examination and Research on the Epitaph of Yang, the Late Wei Dynasty's General of Pacifying Remote Areas and Governor of Huazhou
The Epitaph of Yang Shu, Late Wei Dynasty Zhenyuan General and Governor of Huazhou, is a valuable historical text that not only describes his native place and family background but is full of information regarding his life experience and death. There are no historical mentions of Yang Shu in historical literature until now but is mentioned in some historical contexts in a sparse format. The epitaph of Yang Shu can therefore fill a gap in historical literature to a certain extent. The epitaph of Yang Shu has contributed to a certain extent to clarifying some facts related to Yang Shu in historical literature regarding its dates of birth and death and official and familial history. The epitaph can therefore provide important text for academic study related to the Hongnong Yang clan. The historic merits of Yang Shu to a certain extent can denote that for prominent families and dynasties like that in the North Wei Dynasty, especially in relation to growing their members in a superior fashion.
Copyright (c) 2026 sheng wang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
From the Rise and Fall of Quantum Radar to Proposed Improvements of Research Assessment
It appears that many researchers and scientific journalists wish to ignore the Chinese proverb “If what you say doesn't improve the silence, don't say it”. Hence, it is more and more difficult to distinguish the constructive and reliable results and methodologies of scientific and technological research from a lot of useless, misleading and deceptive content within a vast and growing sea of information. In the publications world, this very critical situation is coped with the predatory eco-system to which most researchers are subjected and with the damaging effects of the widespread misuse of bibliometric indexes. Our analysis starts from the particular research area of radar theory and techniques, well known to us. Through a generalization process, the exemplary case of Quantum Radar (QR) allows us to study in detail the effects of the aforementioned general situation on the research and development, on the assessment procedures and on the evaluation of results. Our conceptual contribution to research assessment and evaluation is resumed as follows. (a) At least a case of important failure of research assessment is demonstrated “beyond reasonable doubt”. Therefore, one may logically deduce that many other do exist. (b) Publications show an increasing quantity coped with a decreasing quality. (c) The assessment based on bibliometric indexes is a more and more critical process; the same applies to the assessment based on peer review. Hence, effective evaluation strategies are needed. The main conclusion of our analysis is that the present situation – and its trends – call for new research assessment and evaluation procedures at the international level. In this frame, (im)possible proposals, which include the regulations of scientific publications and a related international agency, are presented. Keywords.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gaspare Galati, dr., dr. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Job satisfaction and organizational commitment on employee performance in the Regional Office of the Ministry of Law in North Maluku Province
This study aimed to examine the effect of job satisfaction and organizational commitment on employee performance at the Regional Office of the Ministry of Law in North Maluku Province. The objects of this study were employees at the Regional Office of the Ministry of Law in North Maluku Province. The research method employed was a quantitative approach, utilizing cross-sectional data and involving 89 respondents. The research instrument had been tested for validity and reliability, showing that all items are valid and reliable. Data were collected using a questionnaire, distributed to employees working at the Regional Office of the Ministry of Law in North Maluku Province. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to test the research hypothesis with the SPSS application. The results of this study suggested that job satisfaction had no significant effect on performance, whereas organizational commitment had a positive effect on employee performance. Job satisfaction and organizational commitment affected employee performance simultaneously. This finding confirms that increasing organizational commitment is a dominant factor in driving employee performance improvements, while job satisfaction is not a significant predictor in the context of this study. However, job satisfaction and organizational commitment will have a significant effect if tested simultaneously on employee performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dimas Agung Trisliatanto, Zainal Abidin Marasabessy, Muhammad Iryanto, Ridwan Lobubun, Haryati Fatmona https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Permeability of work-life balance on Lecturers turnover intentions in Ghana: a multicentre study
The permeability of work-life balance (WLB) is causing employee turnover, affecting personal and professional lives. The study aims to investigate the impact of WLB on lecturers’ turnover intentions in Ghana. The study was underpinned by WLB theory and job embeddedness theory. An interpretive paradigm using an exploratory design with semi-structured interviews was adopted to seek the views of 16 participants on the permeability of WLB and lecturers’ turnover intentions in Ghana. The participants in the study were lecturers from public universities in Ghana. It was revealed that the factors contributing to WLB among lecturers were a heavy workload and long working hours, stress caused by work, inadequate institutional support, the utilisation of technology and connectivity, a lack of boundaries, and expectations and demands from institutions, on the issue of how WLB influences lecturers' turnover intentions. It was reported that it impacts individual well-being and the inability to pursue personal interests outside of work. However, the study also revealed strategies and interventions to mitigate WLB and promote job satisfaction among lecturers based on training and professional development, implementing flexible work arrangements, establishing realistic job demands and clear workload expectations, work-life policies and guidelines, and collaboration and teamwork.
Copyright (c) 2026 Grace Mensah; Mr. Alexander Akumbuno; Ms. Joy Seko Abra Amankwa, Mr. Elliot Akuna, Mr. Francis Owusu-Sekyere, Bernard Kissi-Abrokwah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Lampung Marine Tourism Contents on Social Media
Marine tourism in Lampung province has significantly contributed to its development. In fact, it can be said that the majority of tourists visiting Lampung visit marine tourism attractions. The rapid growth of social media has resulted in many social media accounts focusing on tourism news. In this study, the Instagram accounts examined were @lampuung and @potraitlampung. These two accounts were selected based on their popularity, followers, and engagement. The results showed that @potraitlampung posted more marine tourism content than @lampuung. In terms of content, there are differences in posting styles, indicating distinct characteristics between the two accounts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Toni Wijaya, Hartoyo, Andy Cory Wardani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0